Pictorialist Photography Essay Example For Students

Pictorialist Photography Essay As photography grew in popularity, talented artists realized that photography could be used as a means to express emotions or convey a message, similar to artworks. After a tough period of artists trying to bring photography into the world of art, it was finally accepted as a new and unique refined art. One of the first photography movements to have been spawned out of this period was the Pictorialist movement. Thriving in 1885 – 1915, Pictorialism was the main style in photography, where photographs would usually appear to lack a sharp focus and appear to have manipulation upon the surface. Soon, it declined in popularity in 1920, where a new style of photography grabbed the attention of the public. When the ability to capture an image and develop it into a photograph was invented, Pictorialism was one of the first styles for photography. There is no true origin of this genre but that it began when people started to question the idea of photography being nothing more than a way to capture an image, and not art. Photographers and artists were frustrated at this notion and developed the Pictorialist style in the 1880s to counter this. We will write a custom essay on Pictorialist Photography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Pictorialism is when the photographer manipulates the photograph so that it resembles the way that artworks are created. Typically, they lack in focus and have visible brush strokes on the surface, similar to a real painting. They also joined together different sections of different photographs to create a composite image which became ‘art’ through the use of external influences. Pictorialism is also about using photography as a means to create art and convey artistic elements through the use of tones, symbols and blurring. It is a vague term that is often debated about by photographers and artists. Pictorialism has had a lasting effect on photography as a whole. It allowed the idea that photography was not just a means to simply capture an image, but was also another way to create an artwork. As one of the first photography genres to appear, it has influenced every other genre after it through the way the style manipulates negatives to create a final product – an artwork. Harold Cazneaux was a Pictorialist photographer, born in 1878, 30th of March and living until 1953, 19th of June. He was an Australia photographer who style had a major impact on Australian photography history. Harold was born in Wellington, New Zealand where he entered many solo shows which exhibited his photographs in the windows of the Kodak Salon in Sydney. His photography was also featured in international shows organized by the London Salon of Photography and in the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain’s annual salons. In 1916, he was the founder of the Pictorialist Sydney Camera Circle which consisted of six other photographers. In 1937 he was the first Australian to be conferred an ‘Honorary Fellowship’ by the Royal Photographic Society. He was the official photographer for a magazine called the ‘The Home’ from 1920 to 1941. Harold was also paid by Ure Smith for producing images for many of Smith’s publications such as Sydney Surfing and The Sydney Book. Harold also established the Sydney Camera Circle where it mainly embraced the uniqueness of the Australian landscape and light. ‘Peace after War and Memories’ is a photograph taken by Harold Cazneaux which was produced in 1918, right when World War I had ended. The image has a peaceful and relaxing mood with a bright atmosphere that is created by the contrast of the light and the dark clouds. Harold has established this photograph to be on a farm, out in the outback by including the horses and the farmer in the picture with the grand landscape. The beige tone of the image identifies the photograph as an ‘Australian’ landscape. The deep emotional quality of this image that is shown reflects on Harold Cazneaux’s thoughts about the war. .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 , .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .postImageUrl , .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 , .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569:hover , .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569:visited , .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569:active { border:0!important; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569:active , .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569 .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c9ee3583f48af844ce862c47329f569:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The History of and Impact of Photography on our World EssayHe is relieved and happy that the war has ended and knows that the future will become a happier and peaceful time than it was then. He admires the Australian landscape, especially the outback and prefers that Australia is kept as a peaceful country. This shows that Harold himself is a person that is non-violent and a relaxed natured man. Harold Cazneaux used the standard procedure of producing this image but using the Bromoil technique to produce the beige tone he needed. First he took a snapshot on an analogue camera then exposed the film to the chemicals needed. He created a silver gelatin print by using an oil print technique and then bleached his silver print in a solution of potassium bichromate. Finally he enlarged his film with the image onto the silver print and exposed it to receive his final product. Peace after War and Memories is slightly out of focus in some areas and has received some editing on the cloud to make it darker and make the light contrast better. The image was also produced with a beige tone applied to it to create a more rustic look. All of these aspects show that this belongs to the Pictorialist movement due to the on surface manipulations done to the image and the slight out of focus of the photograph. It is also similar to how an artwork would be presented with the way that the image is set out. The positioning of the farmer and the light escaping the cloud is perfect in reflecting the peaceful mood and uses the rule of thirds to balance the image out. The heavy clouds with light escaping from a crack represents the war that was raging on recently has now stopped and now hope and peace can prosper. The farming tools symbolize how the citizens of Australia must work very hard to rebuild the country against the consequences of World War I. The farmer is used to show an ordinary person from Australia who is witnessing the start of a new era of peace and prosperity after war. The wide landscape that is drawn out and displayed behind the farmer is shown to acknowledge how Australia has a large potential that can be beautiful and breathtaking if nurtured in peaceful times. Pictorialism is an important genre in the early establishment of the photography movement. Through the heated debates about whether photography is just a medium to capture image or if it can be an ‘art’, photography was able to grow as a whole and become much better in the aspect of art. Harold Cazneaux is an Australian photographer who produced the image ‘Peace after War and Memories’ which is an excellent and emotional picture that portrays the ending of a war and the bright future that will take place as Australians work hard to achieve. Using photographic manipulation and techniques to achieve his final product, Harold has accurately captured Australia and its landscape beautifully. Bibliography: https://www.nla.gov.au/selected-library-collections/harold-cazneaux-collection, National Library of Australia, Cazneaux Collection, 5/7/15 http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/117.1975/, Art Gallery NSW, Harold Cazneaux Collection, 5/7/15 http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/harold-cazneaux, Australia Gov Au, Harold Cazneaux, 5/7/15 http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pict/hd_pict.htm, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Pictorialist Genre 4/7/15 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/752375/Pictorialism, Encyclopedia Britannia, Pictorialism, 4/7/15

The Impact of Personality on Organizational Productivity and Change Management

Introduction The 21st century has seen the organizational environment evolve to the level of requiring strong human resource management principles. Constant change in organizations has emerged as a necessity, with managers realizing that change is important in any organization to improve its overall performance and competitiveness. Change management is the process of ensuring that organizational transformation is smooth.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of Personality on Organizational Productivity and Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it qualifies as an important aspect of any organization that is undergoing change. The personality traits of employees and the management team are important in determining the course of change. Such traits can influence the outcome in organizations undergoing transformation. Positive personality traits are beneficial to the overall org anizational productivity while the negative traits lead to slow implementation of change. This paper looks at change management by human resource departments in organizations. It focuses on the effect that personality has on change management and organizational performance. Personality Personality is a contributor of workforce diversity. Its effects on organizational performance have widely been studied in the field of organizational behavior. Personality is one type of organizational diversity that makes organizations more successful in relation to others (Rao 15). Organizations that are able to capitalize on the diversity of their workforce are described as being more successful than those that are unable to utilize the advantages that come along with this organizational trait (Rao 16). The diversity of workforce includes the individual similarities or differences that employees demonstrate. Therefore, personality is a good example of diversity. The performance of an organization is dependent on the personality of its workforce in a number of ways. The personality displayed by employees may be beneficial to the overall organizational performance or detrimental to the organizational productivity. The output of an individual is dependent on his or her qualities. Hardworking individuals are a benefit to the organization in terms of performance. Personality has been a subject of many studies based on its effects on organizational productivity, with researchers such as Judge, Ryan, Simon, and Yang evaluating how personality traits of employees influence their work output. Employees who have a negative attitude towards their work have high chances of performing poorly in relation to those who have a passion for their job.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One trait that researchers established to be a significant positive influence on work performan ce is conscientiousness (Aswathappa 41). Aswathappa stated that this personality trait was a powerful one in the prediction of organizational performance, with emotional stability being a weaker predictor of organizational performance. The other three personality traits that together with conscientiousness and emotional stability were considered the big five traits influencing organizational performance include â€Å"openness, agreeableness, and extraversion† (Judge et al. 1985). Other researchers have also discovered other personality traits that may be important determinants of organizational performance, including core self-evaluations (Judge et al. 1985). Change Management Organizational planning is a key determinant of its performance. In the current age of globalization and information age, organizational environments are changing at a rapid rate. Only organizations that are able to keep up with the change are able to remain competitive, with those that are slow to adap t to change missing the market. Accordingly, change is a significant disruption or alteration to the expected patterns in any process or activity (Mkoji and Sikalieh 185). Change has been a human principle since time immemorial. It is attributable to the peculiar characteristics of human beings. Organizations need to plan effectively before instituting any changes since the results of any change determine the expected outcome. Change has led to the evolvement of newer management techniques and organizational structures, with this change being at the expense of several other structures (Aswathappa 41). If not adequately managed, change in an organization has the potential to cause disastrous results. Therefore, organizations need to be in control of the factors that affect the change process in organizations to ensure that any changes work to the organizational benefit. This desire by the organizational managers and other stakeholders to influence the results brought about by any org anizational change has led to the development of change management. Change management is â€Å"Managing the process of implementing major changes in IT, business processes, organizational structures, and job assignments to reduce the risks and costs of change, and to optimize its benefits† (Andriessen and Fahlbruch 27).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of Personality on Organizational Productivity and Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personality and Change Management Change management requires the management of the organization to be committed to the involved processes. Available structures in an organization need to be adequate to sustain the change. In change management, the involved workers are advised to analyze the impeding changes before they implement them. They need to develop appropriate programs to alleviate and minimize any predictable extra costs and risks (Mkoji and Sikalie 185). The analysis constitutes the best ways of ensuring that the organization benefits financially to the changes. Personality is important at all levels of implementing and planning change in organizations. Human resource management is important in the process of instituting change. Important factors such as individual traits influence the way the change is handled. The personality of individuals who are tasked with organizational change determines the way they institute change (Andriessen and Fahlbruch 27). Some of the employees who are not part of the change may have personality traits that are not compatible with the change. Therefore, they end up frustrating the change efforts. The rate at which change is implemented is also dependent on the personality traits displayed by individuals who are tasked with change management. The personality of employees and the management team may be a positive influence to the process of change in an organization. People with high self-esteem, responsible, and self-driven are beneficial in the process of change management. They require minimal supervision if any. Therefore, the process of instituting change in any organization benefits from the availability of such personality traits among its workforce. Some of the major personalities that may not be beneficial to the process of change management include laziness and incompetence at the workplace. However, these personalities can be managed through appropriate and effective planning to ensure that the process of change is smooth. Human resource management needs to carry out activities such as motivational measures and employee rewarding sessions to ensure that it influences the personality of the organization’s employees in an effort to induce better and desirable traits (Judge et al. 1985). This department has the mandate to recruit employees who are competent in the organizational operations besides being able to adapt to the new changes and/o r the change processes in the organization (Aswathappa 41).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another way of neutralizing personality and its effect on organizational change to fit the organizational requirement is through the formation of teams and participation in teamwork (Andriessen and Fahlbruch 27). There is a positive correlation between the success of change management in organizations and the applied level of teamwork. Organizational productivity is a product of effective change management and the appropriate personality traits. The measurement of organizational success in the implementation of change is only possible through the organization productivity. As stated earlier, organizations that practice effective change management have a demonstrated benefit. Human resource departments can influence the personality of individuals through the promotion of an organizational culture that allows progressive interaction between employees. The most basic way that human resource managers can influence the personality of their employees based on how they associate with chang e is training (Andriessen and Fahlbruch 27). Therefore, organizations can develop a culture of training their employees and instilling the organizational values. Training on change management may begin as early as when the employees join the organization. Every change should be communicated adequately. Conclusion In conclusion, change is a necessity to any organization that desires to improve its overall performance and competitiveness in the 21st century. Therefore, change management qualifies as an important aspect of any organization that is undergoing change. This report establishes that individuality is an imperative feature to consider while dealing with change management since it can influence the outcome in organizations that wish to embrace change. There are positive impacts of personality on organizational change management. However, the negative impacts need to be avoided for organization to remain on tract in terms of its goals and objectives. Ways to assure positive cha nge management and excellent personality traits of employees include teamwork and employee training. Therefore, organizations are encouraged to embark on training of their employees as a strategy of boosting their personality, especially with regard to their attitude towards their work and workplace. Works Cited Andriessen, Erik and Babette Fahlbruch. How to manage experience sharing from organizational surprises to organizational knowledge. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004. Print. Aswathappa, Kevin. Organizational behavior. India: Himalaya Pub. House, 2009. Print. Judge, Timothy, Klinger Ryan, Lauren Simon and Irene Yang. â€Å"The Contributions of Personality to Organizational Behavior and Psychology: Findings, Criticisms, and Future Research Directions.† Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2.5 (2008): 1982–2000. Print. Mkoji, Davis and Damary Sikalieh. â€Å"The Influence of Personality Dimensions on Organizational Performance.† International Journal of Humani ties and Social Science 2.17(2012): 184-194. Print. Rao, Paul. Organizational behavior. India: Himalaya Pub. House, 2010. Print. This research paper on The Impact of Personality on Organizational Productivity and Change Management was written and submitted by user Trey Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Electrostatic loudspeakers essays

Electrostatic loudspeakers essays The field theory applies in many principles of technology. From communications and transportation and all the way to entertainment. Today, entertainment is a big part of our lives. It includes roller-coasters, satellites, TVs, sound and much more. Sound, or more specifically speakers, have started from the plain wooden boxes, and have traveled a long way to reach today's technology. Today, speakers are built much stronger, with better designs, and higher capability. As the technology continues to emerge into entertainment, speakers improve and get even better. Today, a few year study and enhancement in technology makes it possible for speakers to reach a new era. A technology still developing has come out with electrostatic loudspeakers (ESLs) which are quite different from the current speakers. Mainly, because they do not use magnets. They use static electricity. But before we step forwards into this new era, lets understand the speakers we use today. These speakers are called electromagnetic speakers. They are built from a plastic cone (usually plastic) which is attached to a metal which is wrapped around with a wire. Around that a magnet is placed. When the music is not playing, the cone stays in place and no sound and is created. When the music is playing, it is converted into electricity and travels through the wire, hence charging it. Because, the charges constantly switch from positive to negative and vice versa, they are pushed back an d forth by the magnet. Because of the movement, sound waves are created. Electrostatic loudspeakers, take a step back from the rules of magnets, and use the most basic laws of physics. Electrostatic loudspeakers are made of three layers. They are made of a coated diaphragm, which is sandwiched by two stators. The diaphragm is one of the three key components of the speaker. It is an extremely thin film (1/10th of human hair) , whose weight is irrelevant. The diaphragm is the reason why ESL s...

The Three Musketeers Book Report Profile

The Three Musketeers Book Report Profile The first step in writing an excellent book report is reading the book and marking interesting phrases or notable features in the margins. You should use active reading skills to retain the most from the text. Your book report should contain all of the following, in addition to the plot summary. Title and Publication The Three Musketeers was written in 1844. It was published in serial form in the French magazine, Le Siecle over the course of 5 months. The novel’s current publisher is Bantam Books, New York. Author Alexandre Dumas Setting The Three Musketeers is set in 17th century France during the reign of Louis XIII. The story takes place predominantly in Paris, but the protagonist’s adventures take him across the French countryside and as far as England. Though the novel is based on historical information, and many of the events, such as the siege of New Rochelle, really occurred, Dumas has taken artistic liberties with many of the characters. It should not be looked at as a factual account of this period. Instead, the novel should be recognized as a fine example of the genre of Romance. Characters D’Artagnan, the protagonist, a poor but intelligent Gascon who has come to Paris to join The Musketeers and make his fortune. Athos, Porthos, Aramis, the Musketeers for whom the novel is named. These men become D’Artagnan’s closest friend and share in his adventures, his successes, and his failures.Cardinal Richelieu, the second most powerful man in France, the Cardinal is the enemy of D’Artagnan and the Musketeers and the chief antagonist of the novel. He is great statesman and strategist but is driven by a need for control to commit devious acts designed to advance his own cause.Anne de Breuil (Lady de Winter, Milady), an agent of the Cardinal and a woman devoured by greed and bent on vengeance. She becomes a particular enemy of D’Artagnan.Count de Rochefort, the first enemy D’Artagnan makes and an agent of the Cardinal. His destiny is closely tied to that of D’Artagnan. Plot The novel follows D’Artagnan and his friends through several court intrigues and amorous encounters. These accounts are entertaining adventures that not only advance the plot but, perhaps more importantly, describe the fundamentals of court society as well as revealing character. As the story develops, its focus narrows to center on the struggle between Milady and D’Artagnan; the heart of the story is the war waged between good and evil. D’Artagnan and his friends, even considering their immoral actions, are cast as protectors of King and Queen while Milady and the Cardinal represent consummate evil. Questions to Ponder The questions to follow will help you detect important themes and ideas in the novel: Structure of the novel: This book was first published as a serial. How may that have dictated the exposition of the plot?Dumas engages his readers by addressing them directly throughout the novel. What reasons might the author have had for doing this, and how does it affect the overall success of the story? Consider the conflict between individuals: How do D’Artagnan and his friends differ from what we expect of our heroes?Can you find any sympathy for Milady? Why or why not? Examine the traditional roles of this society: What is chivalry?Dumas tells his readers that â€Å"Our modern ideas of pride had not yet come into fashion.† How is the morality of this time different from our own?How does life at court drive the characters toward their destinies? Possible First Sentences Consider these examples as possible first sentences for your book report: â€Å"The genre of Romance always contains the thematic elements of love and chivalry and The Three Musketeers is no exception.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Milady is a woman centuries ahead of her time.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Friendship is the most valuable asset one can possess.†

The effects of global recession on local economies Essay

The effects of global recession on local economies - Essay Example Multinational and international industries, local industries, government establishments and the consumers themselves are all affected by the changes in the economic standing of the country. Global recession has a great impact on the value of local and international currencies, generally affecting end-users and households. In effect, the buying capability of the consumers goes down. And because of how global recession significantly impacts consumers and local economies, I want to delve deeper into these effects. This paper will discuss the different areas of the local economy such as employment, investment spending, profit and capacity utilization. This will enable us to understand and demonstrate how local economies are able to survive or not. This paper also aims to compare and contrast the different theories associated with recession, like the neoclassical perspective and the Keynesian perspective, and how applicable it is on explaining the effects of global recession on local economies. To know the effects on the local economies at the present time, I will look at the volume of production and service of local companies in contrast to the demands of the market, the unemployment and employment rate and the success or failure of investment projects in contrast to the fluctuations of the value of the local

Army Battle command systems including the software Research Paper

Army Battle command systems including the software - Research Paper Example The other target groups are other officers in the joint military forces. Missions Command deploys such technologies in the management of such operations. The leadership is therefore able to make logical and well-informed decisions. Project management is also very constructive in the planning of activities in the order of priority. Project management is essential for every organization. It enables organizations to take care of the resources and time, and ensures that the objectives of and the project are achieved. Secondly, with systematic project management styles, it is easy to monitor the progress of every project and to determine the outcome. In fact, it is possible for project managers to predict the results of the projects. Third, it enables the organization to plan its activities in the order of priority. For example, software design precedes testing and implementation. Finally, it assists an organization in evaluation of projects to establish the feasibility and the value of the projects. Projects are organized according to the strategic plan of the organization. The leadership prepares strategic plans for every year, with the number of projects to be conducted. The organization of projects determines the sequence of projects, in a manner that multiple projects can run concurrently. For example, in the software design and development project, more than one system can be developed concurrently. While one project reaches the implementation stage, the other project can be found to have reached the documentation and test stage. The organization of the projects depends on the available resources, the urgency of project implementation and the available time for the projects. Organizations work with the project plans to eliminate confusion between multiple projects running concurrently. At any instance, the project management can provide the status of every project and the stages remaining for the

IP address Final Essay Example for Free

IP address Final Essay WAN Design lt;namegt; Axia College The ACME Manufacturing company, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, is growing at a fast pace. Located at the Atlanta campus are two offices, one houses the operations, marketing, administration, and accounting sections. The other building has offices for the engineering and sales departments. ACME is spread throughout the United States; with offices in New York, Chicago, and Phoenix. They have also recently acquired a facility in China. With the recent expansion, ACME will need a new wide area network (WAN) and a state-of-the-art phone system to ensure the company operates at optimal levels. To make administration of the ACME WAN easier the network should be designed using the star topology. With this configuration, each branch office will have only a direct connection back to the headquarters in Atlanta. The type of connection to each location stateside can vary on the size of the remote office. I would recommend going with a minimum of a full T1 line or even a T3. The China location can be connected via a satellite connection leased by the company. The following figure is a graphical representation of the WAN configuration. Atlanta T1 T1 T1 New York Phoenix Chicago China Satellite WAN Layout for ACME Manufacturing IP Ranges For modeling purposes, let’s assume ACME is using a class B network address; for example 192. 168. x. x. To help keep the individual departments separate, the network administration will need to configure a few subnets. Each subnet on the network will be a VLAN, or virtual local area network. In order for us to have the proper amount of subnets, the subnet mask will be set to 255. 255. 240. 0. This will give ACME a maximum of sixteen subnets and 4,094 hosts in each subnet. Hardware Requirements New Cisco switches and routers will supply the routing necessary for Acme’s data. Cisco Catalyst switches will provide VLAN functionality; these switches can accept broadcast packets and forward them only through the ports that are designated by the VLAN configuration; this enhances security by keeping interdepartmental traffic from reaching other departments. Using VTP, all VLANs will only need to be configured from the switch acting as the VTP server. The Cisco routers will define broadcast domains and will use the link-state routing protocol OSPF that works well with the IP addressing scheme in use. STP, configured on the Cisco switches, will allow us to build redundancy into the network and avoid data loops (Regan, 2004). Wireless technologies promote productivity by allowing network users to remain connected to the network when using wireless devices. The installation of wireless access points will grant high-speed network connectivity to wireless devices. Because Acme will be leasing dedicated network media, a CSU/DSU will be required to terminate those lines at each of the distribution locations and at the headquarters building. CSUs/DSUs also place digital signals on the line, control transmission strength, support loopback tests, and synchronize the timing received on the line. Leased lines require a different frame type to be used for data than is regularly used in a LAN environment; a CSU/DSU also converts LAN frames into frames usable on the leased lines (Regan, 2004). Telephony With all of the new technology sprouting up daily, and the cost of long distance calls dropping, a feasible solution would be to install a private branch exchange (PBX) at each location. But with the addition of China into the company’s holdings, a voice over internet protocol (VoIP) system would be the better choice to avoid international charges. With a VoIP system, each location can be set up on a three or four digit dialing plan so users can communicate easier. For example, John in Atlanta can dial a four digit number and reach Chang in China. Security After the infrastructure is set up and the network is online, the security of the network is the most important job of the network team. By keeping all devices up to date with the latest security patches, anti-virus, and spyware removal tools will help eliminate malicious bugs from infecting your system. By installing firewalls at each location and only opening the ports needed for email, http, ftp, etc will keep hackers out of your system and your data safe. Set up a policy that forces users to change their passwords every 90 days using an alpha-numeric and special character code. Even going as far as adding a PKI system to your login will help keep your network limited to authorized users. References Regan, P. E. (2004). Wide area networks. Upper Saddle River, N. J. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. Ou, G. (2006, June 28). IP subnetting made easy. Retrieved August 2, 2010, from TechRepublic: http://articles. techrepublic. com. com/5100-10878_11-6089187. html Yudkowsky, C. (2002, July). Voice Over IP vs PBX. Retrieved August 2, 2010, from VoIP News: http://www. voip-news. com/byte2. htm